Patterned-media magnetic recording disk with cryptographically scrambled patterns and disk drive operable with the disk

ABSTRACT

Patterned-media magnetic recording disks are made from a master template that has nondata regions that contain a pattern of one or more discrete nondata islands and discrete gaps, with the pattern representing a scrambled number. All disks made from the master template, or from replica molds made from the master, will have the same patterns. When the disks are DC-magnetized so that all the nondata islands are magnetized in the same direction, these patterns will include one or more of discrete magnetized nondata islands and discrete nonmagnetic gaps that are scrambled in a pseudo-random manner. During operation of the disk drive the patterns are detected by the read head and interpreted within the disk drive using knowledge of the pseudo-random scrambling function, so that reading and writing of data can occur in the conventional manner. If the disks are copied in an attempt to replicate the master template, the resulting disks will be inoperable in a disk drive because of the scrambling.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 12/332,287filed Dec. 10, 2008.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to patterned-media magnetic recordingdisks, wherein each data bit is stored in a magnetically isolated dataisland on the disk, and more particularly to patterned-media disks withscrambled patterns for preventing replication of the disk master used tomake the disks.

2. Description of the Related Art

Magnetic recording hard disk drives with patterned magnetic recordingmedia have been proposed to increase data density. In patterned media,the magnetic recording layer on the disk is patterned into smallisolated data islands arranged in concentric data tracks. To produce therequired magnetic isolation of the patterned data islands, the magneticmoment of spaces between the islands must be destroyed or substantiallyreduced to render these spaces essentially nonmagnetic. In one type ofpatterned media, the data islands are elevated regions or pillars thatextend above “trenches” and magnetic material covers both the pillarsand the trenches, with the magnetic material in the trenches beingrendered nonmagnetic, typically by “poisoning” with a material likesilicon (Si). Patterned-media disks may be longitudinal magneticrecording disks, wherein the magnetization directions are parallel to orin the plane of the recording layer, or perpendicular magnetic recordingdisks, wherein the magnetization directions are perpendicular to orout-of-the-plane of the recording layer.

One proposed method for fabricating patterned-media disks is bynanoimprinting with a template or mold, sometimes also called a“stamper”, that has a topographic surface pattern. In this method themagnetic recording disk substrate with a polymer film on its surface ispressed against the mold. The polymer film receives the reverse image ofthe mold pattern and then becomes a mask for subsequent etching of thedisk substrate to form the pillars on the disk. The magnetic layer andother layers needed for the magnetic recording disk are then depositedonto the etched disk substrate and the tops of the pillars to form thepatterned-media disk. The mold may be a master mold for directlyimprinting the disks. However, the more likely approach is to fabricatea master mold with a pattern of pillars corresponding to the pattern ofpillars desired for the disks and to use this master mold to fabricatereplica molds. The replica molds will thus have a pattern of holescorresponding to the pattern of pillars on the master mold. The replicamolds are then used to directly imprint the disks. Nanoimprinting ofpatterned media is described by Bandic et al., “Patterned magneticmedia: impact of nanoscale patterning on hard disk drives”, Solid StateTechnology S7+Suppl. S, SEP 2006; and by Terris et al., “TOPICAL REVIEW:Nanofabricated and self-assembled magnetic structures as data storagemedia”, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 38 (2005) R199-R222.

The master template or mold requires extensive time and effort todesign. Additionally, it is fabricated by an expensive andtime-consuming process using expensive equipment, for example byelectron beam (e-beam) lithography. The master template (or replicamolds made from the master template) is used for making millions ofdisks, each of which is an exact replica of the expensive master. It ispossible that the master template or replica molds may be stolen, whichwould enable a potential competitor or media maker to create a newmaster with little investment in time or cost. Also, the master templateor replica molds may be copied from a disk.

What is needed are patterned-media disks that if copied would not beoperable in a disk drive.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to patterned-media disks made from a mastertemplate. The master template contains a pattern that is scrambled in apseudo-random manner such that it cannot be used without exact knowledgeof the scrambling. The scrambling function is derived from a secret keyand is generated using standard cryptographic techniques. All disks madefrom the master template, or from replica molds made from the master,will have the same scrambled patterns. An authorized user will be ableto calculate the perturbations in the scrambled patterns using thesecret key, correct for them, and then use a disk in the conventionalmanner. An unauthorized user will not be able to use a disk or will onlybe able to use a disk in a degraded or limited manner without knowledgeof the secret key.

In one embodiment the track identification (TID) numbers are scrambledinto pseudo-random numbers, for example by the use of a block cipher andsecret key, and the scrambled TIDs are patterned onto the mastertemplate. The TIDs are permuted by the block cipher. When the disks madefrom the master template are used in the disk drive the head reads thepermuted TIDs and the disk drive performs the inverse permutation, forexample by applying the inverse block cipher, yielding the actual TIDs.Reading and writing can then occur in the conventional manner. Inanother embodiment the master template is patterned so that the physicalspacings of the data sectors from their data synchronization marks arescrambled, resulting in pseudo-random phase shifts, with the datasectors in the different tracks having different phase shifts. Thepseudo-random phase shifts may be calculated from the TIDs using ascrambling function, such as a keyed hash function that uses a secretkey to generate pseudo-random numbers. During manufacturing thescrambling function outputs pseudo-random numbers representing the phaseshifts for the data sectors in the tracks, which are then used tofabricate the master template. When the disks made from the mastertemplate are used in the disk drive the same scrambling function takesthe TID as input to determine the phase shift for data sectors in theselected track where data is to be read or written.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a top view of a patterned-media disk drive like that to whichthe present invention relates.

FIG. 2 is a schematic showing a portion of a patterned-media magneticrecording disk as proposed in the prior art.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the electronics associated with thepatterned-media disk drive like that to which the present inventionrelates and also shows a sectional view of the patterned-media magneticrecording disk.

FIG. 4 is a portion of a patterned-media disk according to a firstembodiment of the invention with scrambled track identification (TID)numbers.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the servo electronics in the disk driveaccording to the invention that uses the patterned-media disk withscrambled TIDs according to the invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic showing a portion of a patterned-media diskaccording to another embodiment of the invention with scrambled numbersrepresenting phase shifts between data sectors in different tracks.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the electronics associated with thepatterned-media disk drive according to the invention for use with thepatterned-media disk with scrambled phase shift numbers according to thesecond embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 is a top view of a patterned-media disk drive 100 like that towhich the present invention relates. The drive 100 has a housing or base101 that supports an actuator 130 and a spindle motor (not shown) forrotating the patterned magnetic recording disk 10 about its center 13.The actuator 130 may be a voice coil motor (VCM) rotary actuator thathas a rigid arm 134 and rotates about pivot 132 as shown by arrow 124. Ahead-suspension assembly includes a suspension 121 that has one endattached to the end of actuator arm 134 and a head carrier, such as anair-bearing slider 122, attached to the other end of suspension 121. Thesuspension 121 permits the head carrier 122 to be maintained very closeto the surface of disk 10. The slider 122 supports the read/write orrecording head 109. The recording head 109 (also called a read/writehead) is typically a combination of an inductive write head 109 b (shownin FIG. 3) with a magnetoresistive read head 109 a (shown in FIG. 3) andis located on the trailing end or end face of the slider 122. Only onedisk surface with associated slider and recording head is shown in FIG.1, but there are typically multiple disks stacked on a hub that isrotated by a spindle motor, with a separate slider and recording headassociated with each surface of each disk.

The patterned magnetic recording disk 10 includes a disk substrate 11and discrete data blocks or islands 30 of magnetizable material on thesubstrate 11. The data islands 30 function as discrete magnetic bits forthe storage of data. Each discrete data island 30 is a magnetized islandseparated from other islands by nonmagnetic spaces. The term“nonmagnetic” means that the spaces between the data islands are formedof a nonferromagnetic material, such as a dielectric, or a material thathas no substantial remanent moment in the absence of an applied magneticfield, or a magnetic material in a groove or trench recessed far enoughbelow the islands to not adversely affect reading or writing. Thenonmagnetic spaces between the data islands may also be the absence ofmagnetic material, such as grooves or troughs in the magnetic recordinglayer or disk substrate.

The data islands 30 are arranged in radially-spaced circular tracks,with the tracks being grouped into annular bands or zones 151, 152, 153.Within each track, the data islands 30 are typically arranged infixed-byte-length data sectors (e.g., 512 bytes or 4096 bytes plusadditional bytes for error correction coding (ECC) and data sectorheader). The number of data sectors is different in each zone. Thegrouping of the data tracks into annular zones permits banded recording,wherein the angular spacing of the data islands, and thus the data rate,is different in each zone. In FIG. 1, three zones 151, 152, 153 areshown, with only portions of representative concentric data tracks, 161,162, 163, being shown for each respective zone. While only three zonesare depicted in FIG. 1, modern disk drives typically have about 20zones. In each zone there are also generally radially-directedsynchronization (sync) marks, like typical marks 173 in zone 153. Eachsync mark 173 may be plurality of circumferentially-spaced marks, withthe spacing being different in each zone, that are detected by the readhead to enable the write head to be synchronized with the specificspacing of the data islands in that zone. The sync marks may be locatedin the sector headers for the data sectors. The physical location wheredata is to be written or read (sometimes called the physical blockaddress or PBA) is identified by a track number (also called “cylinder”number when there are multiple disks), a head number (which identifiesthe disk surface when there are multiple disks in the disk drive), and adata sector number. This address is sometimes referred to as thecylinder-head-sector or CHS address.

As the disk 10 rotates about its center 13 in the direction of arrow 20,the movement of actuator 130 allows the read/write head 109 on thetrailing end of head carrier 122 to access different data tracks andzones on disk 10. Because the actuator 130 is a rotary actuator thatpivots about pivot 132, the path of the read/write head 109 across thedisk 10 is not a perfect radius but instead an arcuate line 135.

Each data track also includes a plurality of circumferentially orangularly-spaced servo sectors 120 that contain positioning informationdetectable by the read head for moving the head 109 to the desired datatracks and maintaining the head 109 on the data tracks. The servosectors in each track are aligned circumferentially with the servosectors in the other tracks so that they extend across the tracks in agenerally radial direction, as represented by radially-directed servosectors 120. The servo sectors 120 have an arcuate shape that generallyreplicates the arcuate path 135 of the head 109. The servo sectors 120are nondata regions on the disk that are magnetized once, typicallyduring manufacturing or formatting of the disk, and are not intended tobe erased during normal operation of the disk drive. While the syncmarks (like sync marks 173) may be located in the sector headers for thedata sectors, as an alternative they may be located in the servo sectors120.

FIG. 2 is a schematic showing a portion of patterned-media disk 10 witha patterned sync mark 173 and a patterned servo sector 120 spanningseveral data tracks, as proposed in the prior art. Four data tracks aredepicted: 308, 309, 310 and half-track 311, each having a respectivetrack centerline 328, 329, 330 and 331. The read head 109 a is shown aspositioned in data track 308 and will detect the sync mark 173 and readthe data islands in the data sector 185 following sync mark 173 as thedisk rotates in the direction of arrow 20. The sync mark 173 is depictedwith four sync marks as magnetized nondata islands 173 a-173 d separatedby nonmagnetic spaces 200. The sync marks 173 a-173 d are represented asstripes that extend across the data tracks in the radial direction,resulting in a single-frequency pattern suitable for locking aphase-locked-loop data clock prior to reading or writing data bits inthe data sectors. The sync mark 173 precedes the data sector 185, whichshows several data islands, represented as solid lines.

The servo sector 120 is a conventional servo pattern of the typecommonly used in sector servo systems and shows a greatly simplifiedpattern for clarity. The servo pattern includes several fieldscontaining nondata islands, three of which are shown asservo-timing-mark (STM) field 302, track identification (TID) field 304and position-error-signal (PES) field 305 depicted as the well-knownquadrature pattern of PES islands A-D. The PES islands A-D are used todetermine the fractional part of the radial position of the head. Whenthe head is at the track centers the read-back signal amplitudes fromthe A islands and the B islands are equal. When the head is at thehalf-track positions the amplitudes from the C islands and the D islandsare equal. As the head moves off-track the amplitudes from all theislands will increase or decrease. The amplitudes of the PES islands aredetected by read head 109 a and used to reposition the head.

In FIG. 2 all of the islands in sync mark 173 and servo sector 120 arediscrete islands of magnetic material and are magnetized in the samedirection, either perpendicular to the recording layer (either into orout of the paper in FIG. 2) for perpendicular-recording media, or in theplane of the recording layer (either to the right or left in thealong-the-track direction in FIG. 2) for horizontal-recording media. Theislands are typically DC-magnetized by a large magnet duringmanufacturing. Each discrete island is a magnetized island separatedfrom other islands by nonmagnetic spaces represented as 200. The term“nonmagnetic” means that the spaces 200 between the islands are formedof a nonferromagnetic material, such as a dielectric, or a material thathas no substantial remanent moment in the absence of an applied magneticfield, or a magnetic material in a groove or trench recessed far enoughbelow the islands to not adversely affect reading or writing. Thenonmagnetic spaces 200 may also be the absence of magnetic material,such as grooves or troughs in the magnetic recording layer or disksubstrate.

As shown schematically in FIG. 2, the nondata islands (sync mark 173 andservo sector 120) have a frequency substantially lower than the dataislands (data sector 185), typically 3 to 5 times lower. This is becausefor a given resolution of the read head 109 a, a modern partial-response(PR) read channel in the disk drive can handle linear bit densities witha period several times greater than the resolution of the read head.However, to clearly resolve individual pulses from the nondata islandpatterns, which is beneficial for data synchronization and PES decoding,the period of the nondata islands in sync marks 173 and servo sector 120should be close to the resolution of the read head.

FIG. 3, which is not drawn to scale, is a block diagram of theelectronics associated with disk drive and also shows a sectional viewof the magnetic recording disk 10 with a magnetic recording layer ofpatterned media in the form of discrete magnetizable data islands 1-9.FIG. 2 also shows a portion of slider 122 with read/write head 109 thatincludes the read element or head 109 a and the write element or head109 b. The read head 109 a and write head 109 b are formed on thetrailing end 122 a of slider 122. The arrows depicted in the islands 1-9represent the magnetic moments or magnetization directions in theislands, and are depicted for perpendicular or out-of-plane magneticrecording. The recording or writing of data occurs by an inductive coilwrite head 109 b that has a write pole that generates a magnetic fieldto magnetize the islands in one of the two magnetization directions,depending on the direction of current through the coil of the writehead. Because there is no magnetic material in the gaps 1 a-9 a betweenthe islands 1-9, the write pulses must be precisely timed to magnetizethe appropriate islands. While FIG. 3 illustrates perpendicularpatterned media, wherein the islands 1-9 are depicted with their momentsoriented out of the plane of the recording layer, the invention is fullyapplicable to horizontal or longitudinal patterned media, wherein theislands 1-9 would have their moments oriented in the plane of themagnetic recording layer.

The disk drive electronics include read/write (R/W) electronics 113,servo electronics 112, data controller electronics 115 and interfaceelectronics 114. The servo positioning information in the servo sectors120 is detected by the read head 109 a, sent to the read/writeelectronics 113, and input to the servo electronics 112. The read head109 a is controlled by a read clock. The servo electronics 112 includesa digital servo control processor 117. The servo control processor 117provides a control signal 196 to a VCM driver 198 that controls currentto the VCM actuator 130 to position the head 109.

Within the servo electronics 112, the STM decoder 160 detects the STM302 (FIG. 2) from the clocked data stream. Once an STM has beendetected, an STM found signal is generated. The STM found signal is usedto adjust timing circuit 170, which controls the operating sequence forthe remainder of the servo sector 120. After detection of an STM, thetrack identification (TID) decoder 180 receives timing information fromtiming circuit 170, reads the TID, which is typically Gray-code encoded,and then passes the decoded TID information to servo control processor117. Subsequently, the analog servo signal 183 from the read head 109 aas the read head detects the PES pattern of servo blocks is converted toa digital servo signal by digitizer 184 in servo electronics 112 andpassed to the servo control processor 117 as a digital servo signal 187.

The servo control processor 117 is typically a programmable controlleror microprocessor with associated memory 190. The processor 117 includesa stored demodulator program 192 that calculates a PES from thedigitized servo signal 187, and a stored controller program 194 thatuses the PES to calculate the actuator control signal 196 sent to VCMdriver 198. The controller program 194 recalls from memory a set ofparameters based on the static and dynamic characteristics of the“plant” being controlled, i.e., the VCM actuator 130. The controllerprogram 194 is well-known and is essentially a matrix multiplicationalgorithm, and the controller parameters are coefficients used in themultiplication and stored in the memory 190 of processor 117.

Referring again to FIG. 3, interface electronics 114 communicates with ahost system over interface 116, passing data and command information.Interface electronics 114 also communicates with data controllerelectronics 115 over interface 118. Interface electronics 114 receives arequest from the host system, such as a personal computer (PC), forreading from or writing to the data sectors over interface 116.Controller electronics 115 includes a microprocessor and associatedmemory 115 a. Controller electronics 115 receives a list of requesteddata sectors from interface electronics 114 and converts each datasector request into a CHS number where the data is to be read orwritten. The CHS numbers are passed to servo electronics 112 via line188 to enable the actuator 130 to position the read/write head 109 tothe appropriate data sector.

FIG. 3 also shows schematically the transfer of data between the hostsystem and the disk drive. The data to be read from the disk 10 isdetected by read head 109 a as a readback signal from recorded dataislands in the data sectors, amplified and decoded by read/writeelectronics 113, and then sent to controller electronics 115 via line189. Data controller electronics 115 then sends the data throughinterface electronics 114 to the host via interface 116. The data to bewritten to the disk 10 is sent from the host to interface electronics114 and controller electronics 115 and then as a data queue to patterngenerator 144 and then to write driver 145. The write driver 145generates high-frequency current pulses to the coil of write head 109 bwhich results in the magnetic write fields that magnetize the dataislands 1-9. The write clock 140, which is capable of operating atdifferent frequencies corresponding to the different data zones, outputsa clock signal on line 146 to control the timing of pattern generator144 and write driver 145. When the read head 109 a detects a sync mark173, a signal is sent through read/write electronics 113 to a sync markdetector 141. Sync mark detector 141 then outputs a signal on line 143to control the timing of write clock 140. The sync mark detector 141detects the sync marks (like sync marks 173 in FIGS. 1 and 2) from R/Welectronics 113. The spacing between sync marks is different in eachzone so sync mark detector 141 enables the write clock 140 to besynchronized with the spacing of the data islands in each of thedifferent zones. FIG. 3 also shows a physical spacing D in thecircumferential or along-the-track direction between the read head 109 aand the write head 109 b.

As previously described, patterned-media disks, like disk 10 with thepre-patterned nondata regions including the sync marks 173 and the servosectors 120 (FIG. 2), are fabricated from a master template or mold. Thenondata islands in the sync marks 173 and servo sectors 120 aretypically pillars raised above the nonmagnetic spaces 200 on the disksurface. The disks may be directly imprinted from the master mold.However, the more likely approach is to fabricate a master mold with apattern of pillars corresponding to the pattern of islands desired forthe disks and to use this master mold to fabricate replica molds. Thereplica molds will thus have a pattern of holes corresponding to thepattern of pillars on the master mold. The replica molds are then usedto directly imprint the disks.

The master template or mold requires extensive time and effort todesign. Additionally, it is fabricated by an expensive andtime-consuming process using expensive equipment, for example byelectron beam (e-beam) lithography. The master template (or replicamolds made from the master template) is used for making millions ofdisks, each of which is an exact replica of the expensive master. It ispossible that the master template or replica molds may be stolen, whichwould enable a potential competitor or media maker to create a newmaster with little investment in time or cost. Also, the master templateor replica molds may be copied from a disk, for example by removing adisk from a disk drive, stripping the disk of its magnetic andplanarizing material, and then using the patterned substrate as areplacement master template.

In this invention the master template has nondata regions that contain apattern of one or more discrete nondata islands and discrete gaps, withthis pattern representing a scrambled number. The pattern is scrambledusing a cryptographic algorithm, meaning that it has been altered ormodified using a secret code or key so as to be unintelligible to anunauthorized user who does not have the secret code or key. Thecryptographic algorithm may be a block cipher with secret key or acryptographic hash function with secret key, both of which generatepseudo-random numbers. All disks made from the mater template, or fromreplica molds made from the master, will have these same scrambledpatterns. When the disks are DC-magnetized so that all the nondataislands are magnetized in the same direction, these patterns willinclude one or more of discrete magnetized nondata islands and discretenonmagnetic gaps that represent the scrambled numbers. During operationof the disk drive the patterns are detected by the read head anddescrambled within the disk drive, so that reading and writing of datacan occur in the conventional manner.

FIG. 4 is a portion of a patterned-media disk according to a firstembodiment of the invention. The disk is shown with a portion of atypical servo sector 520 spanning four data tracks with trackcenterlines 528-531. The servo sector includes STM field 502 with twostripes 502 a, 502 b extending across the tracks, TID field 502, only aportion of which is depicted, and PES field 506, only a portion of whichis depicted. Each TID field typically includes an 18-bit number, butonly four bits, for example the four least significant bits (LSBs) areshown. In a conventional patterned-media disk the TIDs would be numberedsequentially in the radial direction. Thus, for example, if thenumbering was from top to bottom in FIG. 4 and the last digits of theTIDs were 0 to 4, then the four LSBs in tracks 528-531 would be 0000,0001, 0011 and 0100. However, in this invention the TIDs are scrambledso the LSBs in FIG. 4 appear as “random” values. Each bit in the LSBs ofthe TID in FIG. 4 is either a nondata island 504 a or a nonmagnetic gap504 b. All of the nondata islands 504 a are magnetized in the samedirection, so that “bits” in the LSBs are represented as eithermagnetized nondata islands 504 a (for example, “ones”) or the absence ofmagnetized islands (nonmagnetic gaps 504 b or “zeros”). The nonmagneticgaps 504 b are represented as dashed circles to indicate that they aremerely the absence of a nondata island. The portions of the disk betweenthe nondata islands 504 a and nonmagnetic gaps 504 b, and between theSTM marks 502 a, 502 b are nonmagnetic spaces 200 on the disk.

The scrambled TIDs are generated by applying a block cipher with secretkey to the actual TID. A block cipher is a symmetric key cipher whichoperates on fixed-length groups of bits, termed blocks, with anunvarying transformation. When encrypting, a block cipher takes a blockof plaintext as input, and outputs a corresponding block of ciphertext.This is the preferred scrambling method since the mapping should lookrandom but it should be easy to perform the mapping and its inverse if arelatively short cryptographic key is known. For example, defining anarbitrary permutation on an 18-bit TID would take more than 4M bits buta pseudorandom mapping can be performed with a 128-bit key using a blockcipher. The actual TIDs are input to the block cipher, using the secretkey as an input, and the block cipher outputs the scrambled TIDs. Forexample, a typical patterned-media disk may include 500K tracks and thus500K unique TIDs. These are converted into 500K scrambled TIDs by theblock cipher. The scrambled TIDs are then used to create the pattern onthe master template, with each track having a pattern of nondata islandsand gaps corresponding to the scrambled TID. In FIG. 4, only the fourLSBs of the scrambled TIDs are depicted. However, preferably all thebits of a TID are used so the entire TID is scrambled. Also, while FIG.4 depicts each track having a scrambled TID, the invention is alsoapplicable where less than all the tracks, for example each 10^(th)track, have their TIDs scrambled.

Referring back to FIG. 2, the patterned-media disk may optionallyinclude physical sector numbers (PSNs) located as part of the sync field173, or immediately preceding or immediately following the sync field173. For example, if there are N servo sectors in one of the data zones,then there would be PSNs between 0 and N−1 in that particular zone.Thus, in a modification of the invention, the PSN and TID are combinedand scrambled together. For example an 18-bit TID and a 7-bit PSN can becombined into a unified 25-bit number and jointly scrambled using asuitable block cipher. As a servo sector passes beneath the read head,the disk drive electronics receives the signal corresponding to thescrambled TID and PSN, and descrambles it, using the block and secretkey, to recover the TID and PSN. When TIDs and PSNs are known, the diskdrive read operates in the conventional manner.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the servo electronics 612 in the disk drivethat uses the patterned-media disk with scrambled TIDs according to thefirst embodiment of the invention, and shows the modification of theservo electronics in FIG. 3. After detection of an STM, the trackidentification (TID) decoder 180 receives timing information from timingcircuit 170, reads the scrambled TID from R/W electronics 113, and thenpasses the decoded scrambled TID information to block cipher 620. Blockcipher 620 takes as input the scrambled TID and the cryptographic keyand outputs the descrambled TID. The descrambled TID is then input toservo control processor 117. The block cipher 620 may be an algorithmstored as executable computer program instructions in memory 190 ofprocessor 117.

FIG. 6 is a portion of a patterned-media disk according to a secondembodiment of the invention. The disk is shown with four data trackswith track centerlines 528-531, a sync mark 173 that extends across thedata tracks, the beginning of a data sector 185, and a spacing field 550between sync mark 173 and data sector 185. In this embodiment, there isnot a fixed spacing between the sync mark 173 and the data sectors inthe different data tracks. Instead, the positions of the start ofislands in the data sectors are scrambled and the spacing between thesync mark 173 and the start of the data sector in each track may bedifferent from that in other tracks. This is shown in FIG. 6 by spacings550 a-550 d for tracks with centerlines 528-531, respectively. Eachspacing for a track is an amount X plus a number “n” of nonmagneticgaps. The number of nonmagnetic gaps are n0, n1, n2 and 0 for spacings550 a-550 d, respectively. Thus, as can be appreciated from FIG. 6, thedata sectors and thus the data islands in one track are phase shiftedfrom the data sectors in other tracks based on the number “n” ofnonmagnetic gaps in the tracks. The amount of the phase shiftcorresponds to the size of the spacing 550 a-550 d and represents ascrambled number. The number of nonmagnetic gaps (e.g., numbers n0, n1,n2, 0) in each track is a pseudo-random number that has been generatedby applying a suitable scrambling function, such as a cryptographic hashfunction with a secret key, to the TID. Thus, as the disk rotates in thedirection of arrow 20, the read head detects sync mark 173, but the dataislands of the subsequent data sector can only be synchronized forreading or writing if the amount of the scrambled phase shift is knownfor each track.

The scrambled pattern in each track representing the spacings 550 a-550d may be scrambled by use of the TIDs. The actual TIDs are input to asuitable function, such as a keyed hash function together with thecryptographic key. The outputs of the keyed hash function are, forexample, 6-bit numbers representing the phase shifts. For example, atypical patterned-media disk may include 500K tracks and thus 5000Kunique TIDs. The key-hashed TIDs are the numbers “n” that are used asthe values of the scrambled phase shifts for the tracks. A 6-bit wordwill enable 64 different values of phase shift and 64 different valuesfor the number “n”. These scrambled numbers are then used to create thespacings on the master template, such as the spacings that would createspacings 550 a-550 d on the disks made from the master template. Forexample, each scrambled number “n” will have a value between 1 and 64and this value is then added to the amount X. The phase shift numbersare preferably integer fractions of T, where T is the bit period, i.e.,the spacing between two data islands. In the example of FIG. 6, eachnonmagnetic gap corresponds to 1/64^(th) of a bit period T. For example,the data sector of track 529 is depicted as being phase shifted by T/2from the data sector of track 531, so “n” in track 529 is 32 and thespacing 550 b is X+32/64.

FIG. 7, which is not drawn to scale, is a block diagram of the diskdrive electronics that uses the patterned-media disk with pseudo-randomnumbers representing phase shift values according to the secondembodiment of the invention. The invention will be explained for anexample where data is to be written to a specific data sector on thedisk. As shown on disk 10′, the spacing between sync mark 173 and thefirst data island 1 is a distance X+n/64, with the number “n” being apseudo-random number generated from the TID by some suitable scramblingfunction and representing the number of nonmagnetic gaps added to X.Controller electronics 115 receives a list of requested data sectorsfrom interface electronics 114 and converts each data sector requestinto a CHS number where the data is to be written. The CHS numbers arepassed to servo electronics 112 on line 188 to enable the actuator 130to position the read/write head 109 to the appropriate data sector.Controller electronics 115 also sends the actual TID (the cylinder or“C” portion of the CHS number) to the scrambling function, e.g., keyedhash function 720. The output of the keyed hash function 720 is thephase shift number “n”. Thus, unlike the first embodiment where thescrambled TIDs are read from the disk and descrambled by the blockcipher, in this embodiment the pseudo-random number “n” on the disk isnot read and descrambled. Instead the hash function 720 uses the knownTID and the cryptographic key to “generate” the value “n”. The data tobe written to the disk 10′ is sent from the host to interfaceelectronics 114 and controller electronics 115 and then as a data queueto pattern generator 144 and then to write driver 145. The write driver145 generates high-frequency current pulses to the coil of write head109 b which results in the magnetic write fields that magnetize the dataislands 1-9. The write clock 140 outputs a clock signal on line 146 tocontrol the timing of pattern generator 144 and write driver 145. Whenthe read head 109 a detects a sync mark 173, a signal is sent throughread/write electronics 113 to sync mark detector 141. Sync mark detector141 then outputs a signal on line 143 to compensator 730. Compensator730 also receives the output of hash function 720, which is thepseudo-random number “n”. Compensator 730 then adjusts the phase ofwrite clock by the number “n” of 1/64^(th) increments corresponding tothe phase shift for the track containing the selected data sector. Thusthe write clock 140 is correctly synchronized to control the timing ofpattern generator 144 and write driver 145 so that the write pulses aresent to the data islands in the selected data sector to magnetize thedata islands according to the desired data pattern. In FIG. 7, the hashfunction 720 that takes the actual TID and secret key to generate thepseudo-random number “n” may be an algorithm stored as executablecomputer program instructions in memory 115 a of controller electronics115.

The system and method as described above and illustrated with variousblock diagrams may be implemented in conventional analog or digitalhardware components or in software. The servo control processor, theprocessor in the controller electronics, or other microprocessor in thedisk drive, may perform the method, or portions of the method, usingalgorithms implemented in computer programs stored in memory accessibleto the processor.

While the present invention has been particularly shown and describedwith reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood bythose skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may bemade without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.Accordingly, the disclosed invention is to be considered merely asillustrative and limited in scope only as specified in the appendedclaims.

1. A patterned-media perpendicular magnetic recording disk having aplurality of generally concentric circular data tracks, each data trackhaving data sectors and nondata regions, the data sectors containingdiscrete magnetizable data islands and at least one nondata regioncontaining a pattern of one or more of discrete magnetized nondataislands and discrete nonmagnetic gaps, said pattern representing ascrambled number.
 2. The disk of claim 1 wherein a plurality of thenondata regions are angularly spaced servo sectors extending generallyradially across the tracks, wherein each servo sector contains a patternof discrete nondata islands and discrete nonmagnetic gaps, said patternrepresenting a scrambled track identification (TID) number, and whereinall nondata islands in said pattern are magnetized in the samedirection.
 3. The disk of claim 2 wherein each scrambled TID is apseudo-random number generated from a block cipher with secret key. 4.The disk of claim 2 wherein each track includes a plurality of physicalsector numbers (PSNs) and wherein said pattern represents both ascrambled TID and a scrambled PSN.
 5. A patterned-media magneticrecording disk drive having a magnetic recording disk, a read head, awrite head, and an actuator connected to the read head and write headfor moving the heads across the disk, the disk drive comprising: apatterned-media perpendicular magnetic recording disk having a pluralityof generally concentric circular data tracks, each data track containingdiscrete magnetizable data islands grouped into data sectors, aplurality of magnetized nondata synchronization marks between the datasectors for synchronizing the reading and writing of data in the dataislands of the data sectors, and nondata regions containing a pattern ofnonmagnetic gaps and magnetized nondata islands representing a scrambledtrack identification (TID) number, the nondata islands in said patternbeing magnetized in the same direction; a data controller for selectingthe data track and data sector where data is to be read or written; aread head for detecting the synchronization marks and reading thescrambled TIDs; and electronics for descrambling the scrambled TIDs readby the read head and for controlling the actuator to move the read headto the selected data track.
 6. The disk drive of claim 5 furthercomprising: a write head for writing data to the selected data sector bygenerating write pulses to magnetize the data islands in the selecteddata sector when the write head has been moved by the actuator to theselected data track identified by the descrambled TID; and a write clockcoupled to the write head and responsive to the synchronization marksdetected by the read head for controlling the write pulses to the dataislands in the selected data sector.
 7. The disk drive of claim 6wherein each data track includes a plurality of physical sector numbers(PSNs), wherein said pattern of nonmagnetic gaps and magnetized nondataislands represents both a scrambled TID and a scrambled PSN, and whereinsaid electronics for descrambling the scrambled TIDs includeselectronics for descrambling the PSNs, whereby the write head writes tothe selected data sector identified by the descrambled PSN.
 8. The diskdrive of claim 5 wherein the servo electronics comprises a block cipherand a secret key, and wherein the descrambled TID is the output of theblock cipher in response to input of the scrambled TID and the secretkey.